the number (the gauge) is roughly equivalent to being the denominator of a fraction.
where 0 = the original bar of metal.
and then gauge = the thinness of the wire made
so 33g would be thinnest (roughly taking the original down to just 1/33 of its starting thickness), 22g, thicker and 18g thicker still.
this is done by extruding the wire (think running fondant through a clay gun to get threads of it.)
on up to 0g wire which is the original bar of metal now in a rod form.
the actual calculations are much more involved and also include info on electrical resistance.
for a detailed (warning MATH lies ahead) see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge
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